Correlation Between Nitric Oxide and Urodynamics in Men With Bladder Outlet Obstruction / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

Purpose@#To investigate the correlation between nitric oxide (NO) and urodynamics in men with bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) by analyzing nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the urothelium. @*Methods@#We prospectively enrolled 25 men who planned to undergo surgical treatment for benign prostatic obstruction and identified as BOO in the preoperative urodynamics. Bladder tissue was taken during surgical prostate resection. Expressions of endothelial NOS (eNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), and neuronal NOS (nNOS) in the urothelium were analyzed, and their correlation with urodynamic parameters was also assessed in all patients. We also compared the expressions of eNOS, iNOS, and nNOS between BOO with detrusor underactivity (DU) group and BOO without DU group. @*Results@#In all patients, the level of eNOS positively correlated with maximal flow rate and with maximum cystometric capacity (MCC). The level of iNOS positively correlated with MCC. nNOS levels were positively correlated with detrusor pressure at maximal flow and with bladder contractility index in all patients. The level of eNOS, iNOS, and nNOS did not significantly differ between BOO without DU group and BOO with DU group. @*Conclusions@#This study suggests that NO was correlated with bladder dysfunction in men with BOO. Particularly, nNOS may reflect the change in detrusor function.

Evaluation of changes in anesthetic methods for cesarean delivery: an analysis for 5 years using the big data of the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service

Background@#As an anesthesia induced during cesarean section, spinal anesthesia is preferred over general and epidural anesthesia. This study aimed to review the trend of anesthetic methods for cesarean section based on data obtained from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service from 2013 to 2018. @*Methods@#The anesthetic methods were analyzed in 753,285 parturients who underwent a cesarean section in Korea from 2013 to 2018. We determined the association between each anesthetic method and hospital type and maternal and fetal factors. We also evaluated whether the anesthetic method was associated with the parturients’ length of hospital stay. @*Results@#General anesthesia, spinal anesthesia, and epidural anesthesia were induced in 28.8%, 47.7%, and 23.6% of parturients from 2013 to 2018, respectively. Trend analyses showed that spinal anesthesia increased from 40.0% in 2013 to 53.7% in 2018. The opposite trend applied to general anesthesia, decreasing from 37.1% in 2013 to 22.2% in 2018. The factors that were significantly associated with the anesthetic method were parturient’s parity, emergency condition, gestational age, and fetal weight. The type of hospital, parturient’s age, and multiple birth were also associated with the anesthetic methods. There was a strong association between general anesthesia and hospital stay longer than 7 days. @*Conclusions@#Spinal anesthesia is currently the main anesthetic method used for cesarean delivery, and the rate of spinal anesthesia is gradually increasing in Korea.

Antibacterial effect of lidocaine in various clinical conditions

BACKGROUND: Infection, one of the complications associated with procedures, can cause fatal outcomes for patients. Although the local anesthetic agent we use is less susceptible to infection due to its antibacterial action, we performed this study to check the change in the antibacterial effect of lidocaine in various clinical conditions. METHODS: After exposing lidocaine to five contaminated environments, we checked on whether the bacteria could be cultured in blood agar plate (BAP) media. In each contaminated environment, lidocaine was exposed for 4 h (n = 9) and 8 h (n = 9), and the results were compared. Lidocaine was swabbed with chlorhexidine (group A), brought into contact with saliva (group B), skin (group C), an operating room floor and an outpatient room floor (group D), operating room air for 24 h (group A-a), and outpatient room air for 24 h (group A-b). After exposure, the culture was initiated. RESULTS: In 2 of 9 BAP media where lidocaine was exposed to saliva (group B) for 8 h, growth of a colony was observed. In gram staining, it was found to be Streptococcus viridans. No bacteria were found in any other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Though lidocaine has strong antibacterial activity, it has been found that long-term exposure to a contaminated environment reduces its antibacterial activity and that drug contamination can be heavily affected not only by environmental but also human effects. Therefore, the use of aseptic drugs is necessary, and stopping the reuse of the drug is a way to prevent complications, including infection.

Effects of benzydamine hydrochloride spray on postoperative sore throat associated with double-lumen endobronchial intubation: a double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial

BACKGROUND: Postoperative sore throat is a common complication of endotracheal intubation; the thicker the endotracheal tube, the higher the frequency of postoperative sore throat. So, we evaluated the effect of benzydamine hydrochloride spray on postoperative sore throat, associated with double-lumen endobronchial intubation. METHODS: Sixty patients undergoing thoracic surgery were scheduled and enrolled for intubation, with a double-lumen endobronchial tube. Of these patients, 30 were sprayed with benzydamine hydrochloride (group B), and 30 with normal saline (group N), 10 minutes before intubation was performed. Patients were randomly assigned to the two groups. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded before, and after endotracheal intubation. Symptoms of sore throat, hoarseness, and dysphagia were examined one hour, as well as 24 hours, after surgery. RESULTS: Incidence of sore throat was 73.3% and 23.3% (P < 0.001) in groups N and B, respectively, at one hour after surgery. In addition, incidence of sore throat at 24 hours after the operation, was also statistically significant (66.6% and 20.0%, P = 0.001). Frequency of dysphagia at one hour, and 24 hours after surgery, was lower in group B. There were no significant differences in heart rate, blood pressure, and hoarseness at 24 hours after surgery between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In cases wherein a double-lumen endobronchial tube was used, an oropharyngeal spray of benzydamine hydrochloride before tracheal intubation, reduced incidence of postoperative sore throat.

Evaluation of Polycaprolactone-Associated Human Nasal Chondrocytes as a Therapeutic Agent for Cartilage Repair

BACKGROUND: In this study, we manufactured a complex of human nasal septal cartilage (hNC) with polycaprolactone (PCL) for transplantation into cartilaginous skeletal defects and evaluated their characteristics.METHODS: Nasal septum tissue was obtained from five patients aged ≥ 20 years who were undergoing septoplasty. hNCs were isolated and subcultured for three passages in vitro. To formulate the cell–PCL complex, we used type I collagen as an adhesive between chondrocyte and PCL. Immunofluorescence staining, cell viability and growth in the hNC–PCL complex, and mycoplasma contamination were assessed.RESULTS: hNCs in PCL showed viability ≥ 70% and remained at these levels for 9 h of incubation at 4 ℃. Immunostaining of the hNC–PCL complex also showed high expression levels of chondrocyte-specific protein, COL2A1, SOX9, and aggrecan during 24 h of clinically applicable conditions.CONCLUSION: The hNC–PCL complex may be a valuable therapeutic agent for implantation into injured cartilage tissue, and can be used clinically to repair cartilaginous skeletal defects. From a clinical perspective, it is important to set the short duration of the implantation process to achieve effective functional implantation.

effect of anaesthesia technique on caesarean section

Objective: When conducting a caesarean section under regional anaesthesia, either epidural anaesthesia or spinal anaesthesia can be used. Patients who underwent caesarean section in our hospital were surveyed retrospectively to confirm and compare the merits and demerits of spinal anaesthesia and epidural anaesthesia to determine the most efficient approach

Methods: Mothers meeting the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification system [ASA] I or II, who underwent caesarean sections at our hospital were surveyed retrospectively. The survey targeted one hundred patients each who received spinal anaesthesia and epidural anaesthesia. The time from anaesthesia to surgical incision [A to S time], entire anaesthesia time, and the usage of vasopressor and midazolam were compared according to anaesthetic approach

Results: The A to S time and the entire anaesthesia time of the group that underwent spinal anaesthesia were significantly short compared to the times recorded for the group who underwent epidural anaesthesia, and the use of vasopressor was more frequent in the spinal anaesthesia group because their blood pressure decline was larger

Conclusion: The A to S time and the entire anaesthetic time were longer for epidural anaesthesia than for spinal anaesthesia. However, the haemodynamic change was smaller and vasopressor was hardly used in the former group. Therefore, the choice of the technical method will depend on the clinical, anaesthetic, and obstetric situation

correlation between the first heart sound and cardiac output as measured by using digital esophageal stethoscope under anaesthesia

The use of an esophageal stethoscope is a basic heart sounds monitoring procedure performed in patients under general anesthesia. As the size of the first heart sound can express the left ventricle function, its correlation with cardiac output should be investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cardiac output [CO] on the first heart sound [S1] amplitude. Six male beagles were chosen. The S1 was obtained with the newly developed esophageal stethoscope system. CO was measured using NICOM, a non-invasive CO measuring device. Ephedrine and beta blockers were administered to the subjects to compare changes in figures, and the change from using an inhalation anesthetic was also compared. The S1 amplitude displayed positive correlation with the change rate of CO [r = 0.935, p < 0.001]. The heart rate measured using the esophageal stethoscope and ECG showed considerably close figures through the Bland-Altman plot and showed a high positive correlation [r = 0.988, p < 0.001]. In beagles, the amplitude of S1 had a significant correlation with changes in CO in a variety of situations

Comparison of two dosing schedules of intravenous dexmedetomidine in elderly patients during spinal anesthesia / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: As the number of elder patients grows, spinal anesthesia for such patients are increasing significantly. Any effort is needed to use the least anesthetic drug for maintaining the anesthesia while avoiding hazards of cardio-pulmonary complications. METHODS: American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification I and II, Forty five elderly patients (> or = 60 years) who received transurethral resection of the prostate or transurethral resection of the bladder tumor were allocated randomly into three treatment groups. The DMT 0.5 group was designed as with dexmedetomidine 0.5 microg/kg while the DMT 1.0 group has a 1 microg/kg intravenous injection over 10 min before anesthetic induction. The Control group was designed to get a normal saline. Each group was compared regarding the maximum sensory block level, extension of anesthesia, degree of motor block, level of sedation, VAS score and complications. RESULTS: There were no significant differences among the 3 treatment groups regarding the maximum level of sensory block and motor block. However, the duration of sensory block was significantly longer in DMT 1.0 group than in the control group (P = 0.045). Both DMT 1.0 group (median = 3, range = 2-6) and DMT 0.5 group (median = 3, range = 1-6) showed a mean value of 3-4 Ramsay sedation score, which resulted in more excessive sedation and significantly greater incidence of bradycardia compared to the control group. No complications such as hypotension, nausea, tremor, and hypoxia were found during this investigation. CONCLUSIONS: In elder patients, the DMT 1.0 group is effective in duration of sensory block and is superior in the aspect of prolonged duration of sensory block compared to the DMT 0.5 group.

Correlation of blood pressure and the ratio of S1 to S2 as measured by esophageal stethoscope and wireless bluetooth transmission

Esophageal stethoscope has the advantage of being non-invasive, easily placed and capability to monitor the heart sound. This study was designed to determine whether the ratio of S1 to S2 analyzed by esophageal stethoscope and wireless bluetooth transmission can be accurate indicator that express the correlation with blood pressure. Total 33 adult male and female without cardiac disorder and with normal heart rhythm were selected randomly as the subjects of this Study. Two microphones were used with one for acquisition of heart sound by connecting it to the esophageal stethoscope while the other was used to measure the background noise in the operating room. After having transmitted the heart sound measured with the esophageal stethoscope to the receiver by using bluetooth module, it was saved in PC and outputted, following removal of noise in the operating room and the respiratory sound. S1 and S2 were measured with computation of the ratio of S1 to S2. Correlations between the systolic blood pressure with each of the S1, S2 and ratio of S1 to S2 were examined by using correlation analysis. The ratio of S1 to S2 displayed the highest correlation with the systolic blood pressure, with S1 and S2 also displaying positive correlation with the systolic blood pressure. As the result of analysis of the heart sound and the systolic blood pressure measured by using the esophageal stethoscope, the radio of S1 to S2 displayed greater correlation with the systolic blood pressure in comparison to the S1

The effect of xylometazoline spray for expansion of nasal cavity / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: During nasotracheal intubation it is important to have proper pretreatment for nasal mucosa constriction and nasal cavity expanding. Nasal packing of epinephrine gauze is widely used as well as xylometazoline. The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic intranasal spray of xylometazoline against epinephrine gauze packing in expanding the nasal cavity. METHODS: Volunteers (n = 32) in their twenties without nasal disease such as septal deviation or rhinitis were enrolled in the study. The more patent nostril in each subject was measured by acoustic rhinometry as the base value. After intranasal spray of xylometazoline, the same nostril was remeasured by same method. Twenty four hours later, intranasal packing of epinephrine gauze was done and the same treatment was done. Subject preferences about the procedures were asked. RESULTS: There were significant difference among treatments (base value: 0.582 +/- 0.164 cm2, xylometazoline spray: 0.793 +/- 0.165 cm2, epinephrine gauze packing: 0.990 +/- 0.290 cm2) in acoustic rhinometry. While the epinephrine gauze packing showed more efficient mucosa constriction, subjects preferred xylometazoline spray. CONCLUSIONS: Even though xylometazoline spray was less effective than epinephrine gauze packing, the simplicity and convenience compensated. In patients undergoing nasotracheal intubation, xylometazoline spray can be an alternative to epinephrine gauze packing.

A comparison of the hemodynamic changes and propofolinduced pain at two different doses of remifentanil in elderly patients / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal dose of remifentanil for minimizing hemodynamic changes during intubation and reducing propofol-induced pain in elderly patients. METHODS: In a randomized prospective study, 60 patients (ASA I-II, elder than 65 years) were enrolled to determine which of two target remifentanil blood concentrations (3 ng/ml, 5 ng/ml) was required to blunt hemodynamic changes during intubation and to reduce propofol-induced pain. After the target effect site concentration of remifentanil had been reached, the target controlled infusion of propofol was started and propofol-induced pain was recorded. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded at baseline, just before intubation and 1, 3, 5 min after intubation. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the hemodynamic parameters between two groups, but not in arterial pressure at just before intubation and 1 minute after intubation. However, the group R5 (5 ng/ml) showed significantly less intense pain induced by propofol than in the group R3 (3 ng/ml). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the group R5 provide more relief in propofol induced pain than the group R3, but showed great possibility of hypotension and bradycardia in both groups, which means it should be used with cautions in the elderly patients.

The effect of pretreatment with two different concentrations of remifentanil on propofol injection pain / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Propofol produces anesthesia with rapid recovery but also causes pain on injection. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of two different concentrations of remifentanil for minimizing the pain caused by propofol and to compare the hemodynamic changes during propofol-remifentanil infusion. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind study of 80 patients, we compared the severity of the injection pain of propofol between two groups of patients. The initial effect-site target concentration of remifentanil was set at 4 ng/ml (the R4 group, n = 40) or 8 ng/ml (the R8 group, n = 40). After the effect-site concentration of remifentanil was achieved, the infusion of propofol was started with the concentration of 4 microgram/ml. The remifentanil-related complications were evaluated and the severity of the pain caused by propofol was compared by using a four-point scale during the propofol infusion. The heart rate and arterial blood pressure were measured at pre-induction, just before intubation and at 1 minute after intubation. RESULTS: The severity of injection pain of propofol was significantly lower in the R8 group than in the R4. There was no significant difference in the incidence of remifentanil-related complications between the two groups. Compared with the pre-induction values, the heart rate and arterial blood pressure were significantly lower at pre-intubation and at 1 minute after intubation in the R4 and R8 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Pretreatment with an effect-site concentration of 8 ng/ml remifentanil may be useful for minimizing the propofol injection pain compared with 4 ng/ml remifentanil.

Partial airway obstruction due to intraluminal bulging of the inner layer of a reinforced tube : A case report

Intraoperative airway obstruction is usually manifested as high peak inflation pressures and decreased exhaled tidal volume. The simultaneous occurrence of increased peak inflation pressure and unchanging plateau pressure generally indicates a mechanical obstruction of the tracheal tube. We experienced a reinforced tube obstruction after intraluminal bulging of the tube. A 59 year-old woman was scheduled for a neck mass excision and ventral hernia repair. The patient was intubated with a 7.0 mm new reinforced tube without any problems. Three hours later, signs of airway obstruction presented, and passage of a suction catheter failed. Examination with the naked eye showed a partial obstruction by intraluminal bulging of the inner layer of the tube. We report this case of partial airway obstruction with a reinforced tube.

Effects of magnesium sulfate on VEGF and Caspase-3 of HUVECs (Human umbilical vein endothelial cells) / 대한주산의학회잡지

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of magnesium sulfate on Caspase-3 and Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) under presence or absence of Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha). METHODS: HUVECs were isolated from normal term umbilical cords and cultured in several physiolo gically relevant concentrations of magnesium sulfate with or without exposure of TNF-alpha. The concentrations of VEGF and caspase-3 were estimated by colorimetric assay and ELISA assay, respectively. RESULTS: The concentration of VEGF in HUVECs significantly increased in the presence of TNF-alpha compared with in the absence of TNF-alpha. However, the concentration of VEGF did not show significant difference in several concentrations of magnesium sulfate concentrations with addition of TNF-alpha and it showed the lowest concentration under 4 mM and 8 mM of magnesium sulfate concentration without addition of TNF-alpha. The concentration of caspase-3 in HUVECs did not show statistically significant difference with the addition of TNF-alpha and magnesium sulfate. CONCLUSION: TNF-alpha induce HUVECs to stimulate the VEGF, and magnesium sulfate might not have the effects on the expression of VEGF with addition of TNF-alpha However, the concentration for treatment of magnesium sulfate inhibits the expression of VEGF without addition of TNF-alpha. Magnesium sulfate might not have an effect of the expression of caspase-3 with or without addition of TNF-alpha.

Analysis of Human Leukocyte Antigen-G Expression in Ovarian Cancer / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) is a nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule with highly limited tissue distribution that has been proposed to protect tumor cells from natural killer cell lysis. To delineate the potential role of HLA-G in ovarian cancer, we investigated expression patterns of this molecule in human ovarian cancer cell lines and tissues. METHODS: HLA-G expression was determined both at RNA level by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and protein level by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibody against denatured heavy chain of HLA-G, MEM-G1, in 13 ovarian cancer patient tissues and 6 ovarian cancer cell lines (OVCAR-3, SKOV-3, ES-2, PA-1, TOV-112D, TOV-21G). RESULTS: We found mRNA transcripts of different HLA-G isoforms in five of 6 ovarian cancer cell lines (OVCAR-3, SKOV-3, ES-2, TOV-112D, TOV-21G). HLA-G protein was also detected in 5 cell lines that exhibited expression of HLA-G mRNA transcripts. Immunohistochemical analysis of human ovarian cancers revealed expression of HLA-G in eight of 13 tissue samples. CONCLUSION: Our results provide additional clues as to how a tumor can be selected in vitro and in vivo to escape from cytotoxic anti-tumor responses. We suggest that the aberrant expression of HLA-G may contribute to immune escape in human ovarian cancer.

Effects of Magnesium Sulfate on the Apoptosis and Invasion of Cytotrophoblasts under Hypoxic Condition / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on the apoptosis and invasion of cytotrophoblasts in vitro under normal and hypoxic condition as assessed immunoblot analyses of Bcl-2/Bax, invasion assay and immunohistochemical staining of integrin alpha1. METHODS: Normal cytotrophoblasts were isolated from second trimester placentas and cultured in several physiologically relevant concentrations of MgSO4 under control tissue culture condition (20% O2) or hypoxic condition (1-2% O2). Apoptosis of cytotrophoblasts was estimated by immunoblotting for Bcl-2/Bax, invasiveness was estimated by invasion assay and immunohistochemical staining of Integrin alpha1. RESULTS: The expression of Bcl-2 did not change under standard condition, but it decreased under hypoxic condition with increasing of MgSO4 concentrations. The expression of Bax did not change under both standard condition and hypoxic condition with increasing MgSO4 concentrations. The invasiveness of cytotrophoblasts significantly decreased under both control and hypoxic conditions with increasing of MgSO4 concentrations. The expression of Integrin alpha1 immumohistochemical staining significantly decreased under control condition and showed decreasing tendency under hypoxic condition with increasing of MgSO4 concentrations. CONCLUSION: MgSO4 might induce cytotrophoblasts to the apoptosis and inhibit invasion of cytotrophoblasts under hypoxic condition.

The Effect of Gonadotropins and Cytokines on Human Luteal Cell Apoptosis / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: Our object is to evaluate the detailed mechanisms of support and regression of the human corpus luteum. METHODS: To investigate the regulation of luteal function by gonadotropins, cytokines, and prostaglandins, the frequency of apoptosis and expression of Fas, Fas-L, Bcl-2, Bax, p53, caspase-8 were examined in cultured human luteal cells after treatment with various doses of FSH (30, 100, or 300 ng/mL), LH (30, 100, or 300 ng/mL), TGFbeta1 (1, 10, or 100 ng/mL), TNFalpha (1, 10, or 100 ng/mL), or PGF2alpha (1, 10, or 100 ng/mL) for 24 h. Cells were tested for apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-digoxigenin nick end labeling TUNEL) method and cell death detection ELISA. Immunostaning was performed using anti-Fas, Fas ligand, Bcl-2, Bax, and p53 antibodies. RESULTS: Incidence of apoptosis determined by TUNEL method in the group without treatment was 1.7+/-0.5% (0 h), 10.8+/-1.6% (24 h), and 12.9+/-1.2% (48 h), respectively. Spontaneous increase was significant at the latter time points. Significant suppression of incidence of apoptosis was observed with LH and TGFbeta1 (P<0.05). On the other hand, significant induction of incidence of apoptosis was observed with TNFalpha and PGF2alpha (P<0.05). Immunostaining revealed that p53 and Bax expressions after treatment with LH or TGFbeta1 were significantly lower than those without treatment. Bcl-2 and caspase-8 expressions were not significantly affected by any substance addition. Also we found that inductions of apoptosis by TNFalpha and PGF2alpha were not correlated with the expression of Fas, Fas ligand, Bcl-2, Bax, p53 and caspase-8. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that LH and TGFbeta1 may be involved in the support of luteal function via suppression of apoptosis, and that TNFalpha and PGF2alpha may contribute to luteal regression via its induction in human corpus luteum during early luteal phase. Also, Fas, Fas-L, Bax and p53 may play roles in this apoptosis controlled by LH, and TGFbeta1.

Effects of Magnesium sulfate on the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 of cytotrophoblasts under hypoxic condition / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 of cytotrophoblasts in vitro under normal and hypoxic condition as assessed immunoblot analyses. METHODS: Normal cytotrophoblasts were isolated from second trimester placentas and cultured in several physiologically relevant concentrations of MgSO4 under standard tissue culture condition (20% O2) or hypoxic condition (1-2% O2). Cytotrophoblasts apoptosis was estimated by TUNEL staining and by immunoblotting for Caspase-9 and Caspase-3. RESULTS: The apoptotic index was highest in cytotrophoblasts cultured under hypoxic conditions for 36 hour in the absence of MgSO4 and was showed decreasing tendency by the addition of MgSO4 under the same condition. The expression of Caspase-9 did not change under both standard condition and hypoxic condition with increasing MgSO4 concentrations, but the expression of Caspase-3 decreased under hypoxic condition with increasing of MgSO4 concentrations. CONCLUSION: MgSO4 might protect cytotrophoblasts from apoptosis under hypoxic condition.

A Clinical Observation of the Duodenitis / 대한소화기내시경학회지

A clinieal Observation was done on the 110 cases (male; 52 cases, female; 58 cases) of duodenitis under the gastroduodenoscopic examination among the patients who were performed endoscopic examination because of seeking for the cause of dyspepsia period from Aug. 1981 to Sep. 1981 at Department of lnteral Medicine of BNUH. The results were summerized as follow 1) Normal finding(Grade 0) was highest as 40% in the incidence according to grade of duodenits. Next was moderate (Grade II & II) as 24. 5%, the 3rd was mild(Grade I) as 20% and lowest in severe(Grade IV) duadenitis as 15.5%, 2) Sex distribution of duodenitis showed 37 cases in male and 29 cases in female. And male was slightly higher in incidence than female. 3) Age distribution of duodenitis revealeii 3rd decade and 4th decade were highest in incidence, 30 cases and 28 cases respectively. The order of frequency was 5th decade, 6th decade, 1st decade and 7th decade. 4) Duodenitis was slightly higher in after 4th decade than before 4th decade. 5) The 56 cases of duodenitis except for 1 case were aasociated with gastroduodenal diseases such as gastritis, peptic ulcer or gastric carcinoma. Association of gastritis is highest as 79. 4%. 6) Acurracy of diagnosis in duodenitis on X-ray study was 3 cases in 20 cases. Generally X-ray study was little value in diagnosis of duodenitis.